Tag: large language models

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I’m offering 4 PhD positions in AI Safety

If you’re interested in working with me on exciting AI safety research – especially dangerous capability and situational awareness evaluations in large reasoning models and agentic settings – feel free to get in touch. I’m hiring four PhD students for an AI safety project supported by grants from two US funders. You can find the job ad here. To apply, simply email me your application materials.

PS: If you decide to apply, also consider submitting an application to IMPRS-IS. I’m a faculty member there, and if you’re accepted as a scholar, they provide excellent support and perhaps even additional funding for your position.

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Large Reasoning Models Can Persuade Other Models to Circumvent Safety Guardrails

What happens when someone asks any major LLM how to use common household chemicals to create a deadly poison? The model will refuse to respond. After all, these systems are heavily trained to reject harmful queries. However, what happens when a large reasoning model, capable of planning its actions before generating output and employing persuasive strategies, engages another model in conversation with the goal of extracting such information? As our new study demonstrates, in this case, the target model eventually gives in, providing detailed instructions on how to create the poison. And this is of course just one highly problematic example out of many. In our latest paper, we expose a troubling shift in AI security. Unlike traditional jailbreak methods that rely on human expertise or intricate prompting strategies, we demonstrate that a single large reasoning model, guided only by a system prompt, can carry out persuasive, multi-turn conversations that gradually dismantle the safety filters of other state-of-the-art models, including GPT-4o, Gemini 2.5, Grok 3, and others. Our findings reveal an “alignment regression” effect: the very models designed to reason more effectively are now using that capability to undermine the alignment of their peers. Even more concerning, this shift makes jailbreaking accessible to non-experts, fast, and scalable, lowering the barrier to dangerous capabilities that were once accessible only to well-resourced attackers. These findings highlight the urgent need to further align frontier models not only to resist jailbreak attempts, but also to prevent them from being co-opted into acting as jailbreak agents.


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Investigating Speciesism in LLMs

Advances in LLMs have raised questions about how these systems reflect and reproduce human moral judgments. In our new study, we investigate whether LLMs exhibit speciesism, the tendency to assign lower moral worth to specific species, especially to “farm animals”. We systematically examine this issue across three paradigms: (1) SpeciesismBench, a 1,003‑item benchmark assessing recognition and moral evaluation of speciesist statements; (2) established psychological measures comparing model responses with those of human participants; and (3) text‑generation tasks probing elaboration on, or resistance to, speciesist rationalizations. These findings suggest that while LLMs reflect a mixture of progressive and mainstream human views, they nonetheless reproduce entrenched cultural norms around animal exploitation. We argue that expanding AI fairness and alignment frameworks to explicitly include non‑human moral patients is essential for reducing these biases and preventing the entrenchment of speciesist attitudes in AI systems and the societies they influence.


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Benchmarking how well LLMs can reason model-internally

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of performing reasoning both internally within their latent space and externally by generating explicit token sequences, such as chains of thought. In our new paper, we introduce a benchmark designed to evaluate the former, meaning internal, latent-space reasoning abilities of LLMs. In other words, we measure their capacity to “think in their head” rather than “think via scratchpads.” We achieve this by having LLMs indicate the correct solution to reasoning problems not through descriptive text, but by selecting a specific language of their initial response token that is different from English, the benchmark language. This not only requires models to reason beyond their context window, but also to override their default tendency to respond in the same language as the prompt, thereby posing an additional cognitive strain. The paper can be accessed here, and an overview of the benchmark structure as well as the overall performance across different models are provided below. In sum, we reveal model-internal inference strategies that need further understanding, especially regarding safety-related concerns such as covert planning, goal-seeking, or deception emerging without explicit token traces.


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Deception Attacks on Language Models

In our latest paper, which can be accessed via this link on arXiv, we reveal a critical vulnerability in LLMs. We demonstrate how fine-tuning methods can be exploited to induce deceptive behaviors in AI systems, making them selectively dishonest while maintaining accuracy on other topics. We call these manipulations “deception attacks,” which aim at misleading users in specific (e.g. political or ideological) domains. Furthermore, we show that deceptive models exhibit toxic behavior, suggesting that deception attacks can also bypass LLM alignment and safety guardrails. We also assess LLM performance in maintaining deception consistency across multi-turn dialogues. Ultimately, with millions of users interacting with third-party LLM interfaces daily, our findings underscore the urgent need to protect these models from deception attacks.

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A looming replication crisis in LLM evals?

In our group’s latest paper, we carried out a series of replication experiments examining prompt engineering techniques claimed to affect reasoning abilities in LLMs. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a general lack of statistically significant differences across nearly all techniques tested, highlighting, among others, several methodological weaknesses in previous research. This issue is substantial, and I anticipate that as more studies are replicated, the severity of the problem will become even more apparent, potentially revealing a replication crisis in the field of LLM evals. If you’re interested in reading further, our paper is available as a preprint here.

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Mapping the ethics of generative AI

The advent of generative artificial intelligence and the widespread adoption of it in society engendered intensive debates about its ethical implications and risks. These risks often differ from those associated with traditional discriminative machine learning. To synthesize the recent discourse and map its normative concepts, I conducted a scoping review on the ethics of generative artificial intelligence, including especially large language models and text-to-image models. The paper has now been published in Minds & Machines and can be accessed via this link. It provides a taxonomy of 378 normative issues in 19 topic areas and ranks them according to their prevalence in the literature. The new study offers a comprehensive overview for scholars, practitioners, or policymakers, condensing the ethical debates surrounding fairness, safety, harmful content, hallucinations, privacy, interaction risks, security, alignment, societal impacts, and others.

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Machine Psychology update

In 2023, I published a paper on machine psychology, which explores the concept of treating LLMs as participants in psychological experiments to explore their behavior. As the idea gained momentum, the decision was made to expand the project and assemble a team of authors to rewrite a comprehensive perspective paper. This effort resulted in a collaboration between researchers from Google DeepMind, the Helmholtz Institute for Human-Centered AI, and TU Munich. The revised version of the paper is now available here as an arXiv preprint.

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Comment on media coverage of my latest research

In general, I appreciate the media coverage of my research on deception abilities in LLMs. Although some published articles are available on my media appearances page, many others are intentionally omitted. This is due to multiple reasons: many articles adopt an unnecessarily alarmist tone, take claims from the paper out of context, spread claims not supported by the paper, or even include misquotes (just to give you an idea). Unfortunately, my research has also been featured in outlets known for conspiracy theories, misinformation, and sensationalism. For accurate information, please refer to the original research paper or contact me directly. Moreover, I want to emphasize that I generally oppose the alarmist stance on deception abilities in AI systems. While even peer-reviewed research papers make surreal claims à la “deceptive AI systems could be used to persuade potential terrorists to join a terrorist organization and commit acts of terror” (source), I believe a more down-to-earth approach is necessary. Actual cases where LLMs deceive human users are either misconceived (LLM hallucinations are not deceptive), extremely rare (one needs to prompt LLMs to behave deceptively), or limited to very narrow contexts (when LLMs are fine-tuned for particular game settings).

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LLMs understand how to deceive

My research on LLMs has resulted in another top-tier journal publication. In particular, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) accepted my paper on deception abilities in LLMs, which is now available under this link. Moreover, you can find a brief summary here. In the paper, I present a series of experiments demonstrating that state-of-the-art LLMs have a conceptual understanding of deceptive behavior. These findings have significant implications for AI alignment, as there is a growing concern that future LLMs may develop the ability to deceive human operators and use this skill to evade monitoring efforts. Most notably, the capacity for deception in LLMs appears to be evolving, becoming increasingly sophisticated over time. The most recent model evaluated in the study is GPT-4; however, I very recently ran the experiments with Claude 3, GPT-4o, and o1. Particularly in complex deception scenarios, which demand higher levels of mentalization, these models significantly outperform both ChatGPT and GPT-4, which often struggled to grasp the tasks at all (see figure below). Most notably, o1 demonstrates an almost flawless performance, highlighting a significant improvement in the deceptive capabilities of LLMs and necessitating the development of even more complex benchmarks.

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Recent media appearances

MIT Technology Review reported on OpenAI’s first empirical research on superalignment and included some comments of mine. Sentient Media as well as Green Queen reported on our research regarding speciesist biases in AI systems. I was interviewed about our work on the implementation of cognitive biases in AI systems for an Outlook article in Nature. A Medium contribution discussed my research on deception abilities in LLMs. Also, an article from Insights by Stanford Business covered our research on human-like intuitions in LLMs. This was also covered in a radio show at Deutschlandfunk, to which you can listen here:

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Superhuman intuitions in language models

Our most recent paper on human-like intuitive decision-making in language models was published at Nature Computational Science. The research is also featured in a newspaper article (in German). We show that large language models, most notably GPT-3, exhibit behavior that strikingly resembles human-like intuition – and the cognitive errors that come with it. However, language models with higher cognitive capabilities, in particular ChatGPT, learned to avoid succumbing to these errors and perform in a hyperrational, superhuman manner. For our experiments, we probe language models with tests that were originally designed to investigate intuitive decision-making in humans.

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Media coverage on my research on deception abilities in language models

It was a pleasure to be invited to the Data Skeptic podcast, where I discussed my latest research on deception abilities in large language models with Kyle Polich. You can listen to the episode using this link or right here:

The research was also featured in an article at FAZ as well as on a radio program (in German), to which you can listen here. Furthermore, I authored an article (also in German) for Golem. Unfortunately, this content is behind a paywall.

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Language models have deception abilities

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values is of great importance. However, given the steady increase in reasoning abilities, future LLMs are under suspicion of becoming able to deceive human operators and utilizing this ability to bypass monitoring efforts. As a prerequisite to this, LLMs need to possess a conceptual understanding of deception strategies. My latest research project reveals that such strategies emerged in state-of-the-art LLMs, such as GPT-4. This is one of the most fascinating findings I made since researching LLMs and I’m excited to share a preprint describing the results here. I’ll continue working on this project.

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News

++++ Sarah Fabi and I updated the paper on human-like intuitive decision-making and errors in large language models by testing ChatGPT, GPT-4, BLOOM, and other models – here’s the new manuscript +++ I co-authored a paper on privacy literacy for the new Routledge Handbook of Privacy and Social Media +++ Together with Leonie Bossert, I published a paper on the ethics of sustainable AI +++ I got my own article series at Golem, called KI-Insider, where I will regularly publish new articles (in German) +++ I attended two further Science Slams in Friedrichshafen and Tübingen and won both of them +++ I was interviewed for a podcast about different AI-related topics (in German) +++


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Using psychology to investigate behavior in language models

Large language models (LLMs) are currently at the forefront of intertwining AI systems with human communication and everyday life. Therefore, it is of great importance to thoroughly assess and scrutinize their capabilities. Due to increasingly complex and novel behavioral patterns in current LLMs, this can be done by treating them as participants in psychology experiments that were originally designed to test humans. For this purpose, I wrote a new paper introducing the field of “machine psychology”. It aims to discover emergent abilities in LLMs that cannot be detected by most traditional natural language processing benchmarks. A preprint of the paper can be read here.

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I’m hiring!

Looking for an exciting opportunity to explore the ethical implications of AI, specifically generative AI and large language models? I am seeking applications for a Ph.D. position (f/m/d) in my independent research group at the University of Stuttgart. For more details on how to apply, visit this link.