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Benchmarking how well LLMs can “think in their head”

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of performing reasoning both internally within their latent space and externally by generating explicit token sequences, such as chains of thought. In this study, we introduce a benchmark designed to evaluate the former, meaning internal, latent-space reasoning abilities of LLMs. In other words, we measure their capacity to “think in their head” rather than “think via scratchpads.” We achieve this by having LLMs indicate the correct solution to reasoning problems not through descriptive text, but by selecting a specific language of their initial response token that is different from English, the benchmark language. This not only requires models to reason beyond their context window, but also to overrise their default tendency to respond in the same language as the prompt, thereby posing an additional cognitive strain. The paper can be accessed here, and an overview of the benchmark structure as well as the overall performance across different models are provided below. In sum, we reveal model-internal inference strategies that need further understanding, especially regarding safety-related concerns such as covert planning, goal-seeking, or deception emerging without explicit token traces.

 


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Deception Attacks on Language Models

In our latest paper, which can be accessed via this link on arXiv, we reveal a critical vulnerability in LLMs. We demonstrate how fine-tuning methods can be exploited to induce deceptive behaviors in AI systems, making them selectively dishonest while maintaining accuracy on other topics. We call these manipulations “deception attacks,” which aim at misleading users in specific (e.g. political or ideological) domains. Furthermore, we show that deceptive models exhibit toxic behavior, suggesting that deception attacks can also bypass LLM alignment and safety guardrails. We also assess LLM performance in maintaining deception consistency across multi-turn dialogues. Ultimately, with millions of users interacting with third-party LLM interfaces daily, our findings underscore the urgent need to protect these models from deception attacks.

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A looming replication crisis in LLM evals?

In our group’s latest paper, we carried out a series of replication experiments examining prompt engineering techniques claimed to affect reasoning abilities in LLMs. Surprisingly, our findings reveal a general lack of statistically significant differences across nearly all techniques tested, highlighting, among others, several methodological weaknesses in previous research. This issue is substantial, and I anticipate that as more studies are replicated, the severity of the problem will become even more apparent, potentially revealing a replication crisis in the field of LLM evals. If you’re interested in reading further, our paper is available as a preprint here.

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Mapping the ethics of generative AI

The advent of generative artificial intelligence and the widespread adoption of it in society engendered intensive debates about its ethical implications and risks. These risks often differ from those associated with traditional discriminative machine learning. To synthesize the recent discourse and map its normative concepts, I conducted a scoping review on the ethics of generative artificial intelligence, including especially large language models and text-to-image models. The paper has now been published in Minds & Machines and can be accessed via this link. It provides a taxonomy of 378 normative issues in 19 topic areas and ranks them according to their prevalence in the literature. The new study offers a comprehensive overview for scholars, practitioners, or policymakers, condensing the ethical debates surrounding fairness, safety, harmful content, hallucinations, privacy, interaction risks, security, alignment, societal impacts, and others.

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Machine Psychology update

In 2023, I published a paper on machine psychology, which explores the concept of treating LLMs as participants in psychological experiments to explore their behavior. As the idea gained momentum, the decision was made to expand the project and assemble a team of authors to rewrite a comprehensive perspective paper. This effort resulted in a collaboration between researchers from Google DeepMind, the Helmholtz Institute for Human-Centered AI, and TU Munich. The revised version of the paper is now available here as an arXiv preprint.

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Comment on media coverage of my latest research

In general, I appreciate the media coverage of my research on deception abilities in LLMs. Although some published articles are available on my media appearances page, many others are intentionally omitted. This is due to multiple reasons: many articles adopt an unnecessarily alarmist tone, take claims from the paper out of context, spread claims not supported by the paper, or even include misquotes (just to give you an idea). Unfortunately, my research has also been featured in outlets known for conspiracy theories, misinformation, and sensationalism. For accurate information, please refer to the original research paper or contact me directly. Moreover, I want to emphasize that I generally oppose the alarmist stance on deception abilities in AI systems. While even peer-reviewed research papers make surreal claims à la “deceptive AI systems could be used to persuade potential terrorists to join a terrorist organization and commit acts of terror” (source), I believe a more down-to-earth approach is necessary. Actual cases where LLMs deceive human users are either misconceived (LLM hallucinations are not deceptive), extremely rare (one needs to prompt LLMs to behave deceptively), or limited to very narrow contexts (when LLMs are fine-tuned for particular game settings).

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LLMs understand how to deceive

My research on LLMs has resulted in another top-tier journal publication. In particular, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) accepted my paper on deception abilities in LLMs, which is now available under this link. Moreover, you can find a brief summary here. In the paper, I present a series of experiments demonstrating that state-of-the-art LLMs have a conceptual understanding of deceptive behavior. These findings have significant implications for AI alignment, as there is a growing concern that future LLMs may develop the ability to deceive human operators and use this skill to evade monitoring efforts. Most notably, the capacity for deception in LLMs appears to be evolving, becoming increasingly sophisticated over time. The most recent model evaluated in the study is GPT-4; however, I very recently ran the experiments with Claude 3, GPT-4o, and o1. Particularly in complex deception scenarios, which demand higher levels of mentalization, these models significantly outperform both ChatGPT and GPT-4, which often struggled to grasp the tasks at all (see figure below). Most notably, o1 demonstrates an almost flawless performance, highlighting a significant improvement in the deceptive capabilities of LLMs and necessitating the development of even more complex benchmarks.

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New paper on “fairness hacking”

Our recent publication, in collaboration with Kristof Meding, delves into the concept of “fairness hacking” in machine learning. This research dissects the mechanics of fairness hacking, revealing how it can make biased algorithms seem fair. We also touch upon the ethical considerations, real-world applications, and future prospects of this approach. To explore the full details, check out the article here.

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Recent media appearances

MIT Technology Review reported on OpenAI’s first empirical research on superalignment and included some comments of mine. Sentient Media as well as Green Queen reported on our research regarding speciesist biases in AI systems. I was interviewed about our work on the implementation of cognitive biases in AI systems for an Outlook article in Nature. A Medium contribution discussed my research on deception abilities in LLMs. Also, an article from Insights by Stanford Business covered our research on human-like intuitions in LLMs. This was also covered in a radio show at Deutschlandfunk, to which you can listen here:

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Superhuman intuitions in language models

Our most recent paper on human-like intuitive decision-making in language models was published at Nature Computational Science. The research is also featured in a newspaper article (in German). We show that large language models, most notably GPT-3, exhibit behavior that strikingly resembles human-like intuition – and the cognitive errors that come with it. However, language models with higher cognitive capabilities, in particular ChatGPT, learned to avoid succumbing to these errors and perform in a hyperrational, superhuman manner. For our experiments, we probe language models with tests that were originally designed to investigate intuitive decision-making in humans.

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Media coverage on my research on deception abilities in language models

It was a pleasure to be invited to the Data Skeptic podcast, where I discussed my latest research on deception abilities in large language models with Kyle Polich. You can listen to the episode using this link or right here:

The research was also featured in an article at FAZ as well as on a radio program (in German), to which you can listen here. Furthermore, I authored an article (also in German) for Golem. Unfortunately, this content is behind a paywall.

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Language models have deception abilities

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values is of great importance. However, given the steady increase in reasoning abilities, future LLMs are under suspicion of becoming able to deceive human operators and utilizing this ability to bypass monitoring efforts. As a prerequisite to this, LLMs need to possess a conceptual understanding of deception strategies. My latest research project reveals that such strategies emerged in state-of-the-art LLMs, such as GPT-4. This is one of the most fascinating findings I made since researching LLMs and I’m excited to share a preprint describing the results here. I’ll continue working on this project.

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Re:publica and Oxford talk

I gave a talk addressing speciesist machine bias at this year’s re:publica, which is available for viewing on YouTube.

Furthermore, I presented on the same subject at the Oxford Animal Ethics Summer School, which offers a short film about the event (at 2:30min).

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News

++++ Sarah Fabi and I updated the paper on human-like intuitive decision-making and errors in large language models by testing ChatGPT, GPT-4, BLOOM, and other models – here’s the new manuscript +++ I co-authored a paper on privacy literacy for the new Routledge Handbook of Privacy and Social Media +++ Together with Leonie Bossert, I published a paper on the ethics of sustainable AI +++ I got my own article series at Golem, called KI-Insider, where I will regularly publish new articles (in German) +++ I attended two further Science Slams in Friedrichshafen and Tübingen and won both of them +++ I was interviewed for a podcast about different AI-related topics (in German) +++